M'zaka za zana lazambiri za carbon peak ndi kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akuyang'ana mwachangu m'badwo wotsatira waukadaulo wamagetsi, ndi zobiriwira.ammoniaposachedwapa akukhala malo ofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Poyerekeza ndi haidrojeni, ammonia ikukula kuchokera kumunda wa feteleza wamba waulimi kupita kumunda wamagetsi chifukwa cha zabwino zake zodziwikiratu pakusungirako ndi zoyendera.

Faria, katswiri pa yunivesite ya Twente ku Netherlands, ananena kuti ndi kukwera kwa mitengo carbon, wobiriwira ammonia akhoza kukhala mfumu tsogolo la mafuta amadzimadzi.

Ndiye, kodi green ammonia ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Kodi chitukuko chake ndi chiyani? Kodi mawonekedwe ofunsira ndi otani? Ndi ndalama?

Green ammonia ndi kukula kwake

Hydrogen ndiye chinthu chachikulu chopangiraammoniakupanga. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kutulutsa kwa kaboni kosiyanasiyana pakapangidwe ka haidrojeni, ammonia imathanso kugawidwa m'magulu anayi otsatirawa ndi mtundu:

Imviammonia: Wopangidwa kuchokera ku mphamvu zakale (gasi wachilengedwe ndi malasha).

Ammonia ya buluu: haidrojeni yaiwisi imachotsedwa mumafuta, koma ukadaulo wojambula ndi kusunga mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenga.

Ammonia wobiriwira wobiriwira: Njira ya methane pyrolysis imawola methane kukhala haidrojeni ndi kaboni. Hydrojeni yomwe idapezeka munjirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira kupanga ammonia pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi obiriwira.

Green ammonia: Magetsi obiriwira opangidwa ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso monga mphepo ndi mphamvu yadzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira madzi kuti apange haidrojeni, kenako ammonia amapangidwa kuchokera ku nayitrogeni ndi hydrogen mumlengalenga.

Chifukwa chakuti ammonia wobiriwira amatulutsa nayitrogeni ndi madzi akayaka, ndipo samatulutsa mpweya woipa, ammonia wobiriwira amaonedwa kuti ndi "zero-carbon" mafuta ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira zopangira mphamvu zoyera m'tsogolomu.

Dziko lobiriwiraammoniamsika udakali pachimake. Padziko lonse lapansi, kukula kwa msika wa ammonia wobiriwira ndi pafupifupi US $ 36 miliyoni mu 2021 ndipo akuyembekezeka kufika US $ 5.48 biliyoni mu 2030, ndikukula kwapakati pachaka kwa 74.8%, komwe kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Yundao Capital ikuneneratu kuti padziko lonse lapansi kupanga ammonia wobiriwira kupitilira matani 20 miliyoni mu 2030 ndikupitilira matani 560 miliyoni mu 2050, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti 80% ya ammonia apangidwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Pofika Seputembala 2023, ma projekiti opitilira 60 a ammonia obiriwira atumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndikulinganiza kokwanira kupanga matani opitilira 35 miliyoni / chaka. Kutsidya kwa nyanja ammonia obiriwira ntchito makamaka anagawira ku Australia, South America, Europe ndi Middle East.

Kuyambira 2024, makampani obiriwira ammonia ku China akukula mwachangu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, kuyambira 2024, ma projekiti opitilira 20 obiriwira a hydrogen ammonia akwezedwa. Envision Technology Group, China Energy Construction, State Power Investment Corporation, State Energy Group, etc. ayika ndalama pafupifupi 200 biliyoni pakulimbikitsa ntchito zobiriwira za ammonia, zomwe zidzatulutsa mphamvu zambiri zopangira ammonia wobiriwira m'tsogolomu.

Ntchito zochitika za green ammonia

Monga mphamvu yoyera, ammonia wobiriwira ali ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito m'tsogolomu. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zachikhalidwe zaulimi ndi mafakitale, zimaphatikizaponso kuphatikiza mphamvu zamagetsi, mafuta otumizira, kukonza kaboni, kusungirako haidrojeni ndi magawo ena.

1. Makampani otumizira

Kutulutsa kwa carbon dioxide kuchokera ku zombo kumapanga 3% mpaka 4% ya mpweya woipa wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2018, bungwe la International Maritime Organisation lidatengera njira yoyambira yochepetsera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, poganiza kuti pofika chaka cha 2030, kutulutsa mpweya padziko lonse lapansi kudzachepetsedwa ndi 40% poyerekeza ndi 2008, ndikuyesetsa kuchepetsa ndi 70% pofika 2050. kuti akwaniritse kuchepetsa kaboni ndi decarbonization m'makampani otumiza, mafuta oyera omwe amalowa m'malo mwa mphamvu yamafuta ndi njira yodalirika kwambiri yaukadaulo.

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ammonia wobiriwira ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopangira decarbonization m'makampani otumiza mtsogolo.

Lloyd's Register of Shipping nthawi ina inaneneratu kuti pakati pa 2030 ndi 2050, gawo la ammonia monga mafuta otumizira lidzakwera kuchoka pa 7% kufika pa 20%, m'malo mwa gasi wachilengedwe wopangidwa ndi liquefied ndi mafuta ena kuti akhale mafuta ofunika kwambiri otumizira.

2. Makampani opanga magetsi

Ammoniakuyaka sikutulutsa CO2, ndipo kuyaka kosakanikirana ndi ammonia kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zomwe zilipo kale popanda kusintha kwakukulu pamagetsi. Ndi njira yabwino yochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide m'mafakitale opangira magetsi a malasha.

Pa Julayi 15, National Development and Reform Commission ndi National Energy Administration idapereka "Action Plan for Low-carbon Transformation and Construction of Coal Power (2024-2027)", yomwe idati pambuyo pakusintha ndi kumanga, magawo amagetsi a malasha ayenera kukhala ndi Kutha kuphatikiza kuposa 10% ya ammonia wobiriwira ndikuwotcha malasha. Kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kusakaniza ammonia kapena ammonia koyera m'magawo amagetsi otenthetsera ndi njira yofunikira yaukadaulo yochepetsera mpweya wa kaboni m'munda wamagetsi.

Dziko la Japan ndi lomwe limalimbikitsa kwambiri kupanga magetsi oyaka opangidwa ndi ammonia. Japan inapanga "2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap" mu 2021, ndipo idzamaliza ziwonetsero ndi kutsimikizira 20% yamafuta osakanikirana a ammonia m'mafakitale opangira magetsi pofika 2025; ukadaulo wophatikizika wa ammonia ukakhwima, gawoli lidzakwera mpaka 50%; pofika chaka cha 2040, malo opangira magetsi a ammonia adzamangidwa.

3. Chotengera chosungira cha haidrojeni

Ammonia imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira chosungira ma hydrogen, ndipo imayenera kudutsa njira za ammonia synthesis, liquefaction, transport, and re-extraction of gaseous hydrogen. Njira yonse ya kutembenuka kwa ammonia-hydrogen ndi okhwima.

Pakali pano, pali njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu zosungiramo hydrogen ndi zoyendera: mkulu-anzanu yamphamvu yosungirako ndi mayendedwe, payipi mpweya wopanikizika mayendedwe, otsika kutentha madzi wa hydrogen yosungirako ndi zoyendera, madzi organic yosungirako ndi zoyendera, madzi ammonia yosungirako ndi mayendedwe, ndi zitsulo. olimba hydrogen yosungirako ndi mayendedwe. Zina mwa izo, kusungirako kwa ammonia ndi zoyendera ndikuchotsa haidrojeni kudzera mu kaphatikizidwe ka ammonia, liquefaction, mayendedwe, ndi kukonzanso. Ammonia amasungunuka pa -33 ° C kapena 1MPa. Mtengo wa hydrogenation / dehydrogenation umaposa 85%. Sizikhudzidwa ndi mtunda wa mayendedwe ndipo ndi yoyenera kusungirako mtunda wapakati komanso wautali komanso kunyamula ma hydrogen ambiri, makamaka zoyendera zam'madzi. Ndi imodzi mwa njira zodalirika kwambiri zosungiramo haidrojeni ndi zoyendetsa mtsogolo.

4. Chemical zopangira

Monga kuthekera wobiriwira nayitrogeni fetereza ndi waukulu zopangira zobiriwira mankhwala, wobiriwiraammoniaidzalimbikitsa kwambiri kukula kwachangu kwa "green ammonia + wobiriwira feteleza" ndi "green ammonia chemical" unyolo wa mafakitale.

Poyerekeza ndi kupanga ammonia opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zakale, zikuyembekezeka kuti ammonia wobiriwira sangathe kupanga mpikisano wokwanira ngati mankhwala opangira mankhwala isanafike 2035.