Mu zaka zana zapitazi za kusowa kwa mpweya wabwino komanso kusalowererapo kwa mpweya wabwino, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akufunafuna mbadwo wotsatira waukadaulo wamagetsi, komanso wobiriwira.amoniyaPosachedwapa, dziko lonse lapansi layamba kutchuka kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi hydrogen, ammonia ikufalikira kuchoka pa feteleza waulimi wamba kupita ku mphamvu chifukwa cha ubwino wake wodziwika bwino pakusunga ndi kunyamula.

Faria, katswiri wa pa yunivesite ya Twente ku Netherlands, anati chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo ya kaboni, ammonia wobiriwira ukhoza kukhala mfumu yamtsogolo ya mafuta amadzimadzi.

Ndiye, kodi ammonia wobiriwira ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Kodi kukula kwake kuli bwanji? Kodi njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi yotani? Kodi ndi yotsika mtengo?

Ammonia wobiriwira ndi momwe amakulira

Hydrojeni ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangaamoniyakupanga. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya wa kaboni womwe umapezeka mu njira yopangira haidrojeni, ammonia ikhozanso kugawidwa m'magulu anayi otsatirawa malinga ndi mtundu:

Imviamoniya: Yopangidwa kuchokera ku mphamvu yachikale ya zinthu zakale (gasi wachilengedwe ndi malasha).

Ammonia wabuluu: Hydrogen wosaphika umachokera ku mafuta opangidwa kale, koma ukadaulo wosunga ndi kusonkhanitsa kaboni umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenga.

Ammonia yabuluu-yobiriwira: Njira ya methane pyrolysis imawononga methane kukhala haidrojeni ndi kaboni. Haidrojeni yomwe imapezedwa mu njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira kupanga ammonia pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi obiriwira.

Ammonia wobiriwira: Magetsi obiriwira opangidwa ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira madzi ndi ma elekitiroma kuti apange haidrojeni, kenako ammonia imapangidwa kuchokera ku nayitrogeni ndi haidrojeni mumlengalenga.

Popeza ammonia wobiriwira amapanga nayitrogeni ndi madzi akayaka, ndipo sapanga carbon dioxide, ammonia wobiriwira amaonedwa kuti ndi mafuta a "zero-carbon" komanso ndi amodzi mwa magwero ofunikira a mphamvu zoyera mtsogolo.

Zobiriwira padziko lonse lapansiamoniyaMsika ukadali waung'ono. Kuchokera pamalingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, kukula kwa msika wa ammonia wobiriwira ndi pafupifupi US$36 miliyoni mu 2021 ndipo akuyembekezeka kufika US$5.48 biliyoni mu 2030, ndi kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa compound ya 74.8%, komwe kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Yundao Capital ikuneneratu kuti kupanga ammonia wobiriwira pachaka padziko lonse lapansi kudzapitirira matani 20 miliyoni mu 2030 ndikupitirira matani 560 miliyoni mu 2050, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale oposa 80% ya kupanga ammonia padziko lonse lapansi.

Pofika mu Seputembala 2023, mapulojekiti opitilira 60 a ammonia wobiriwira atumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mphamvu yonse yopangira ikukonzekera yoposa matani 35 miliyoni pachaka. Mapulojekiti obiriwira a ammonia akunja akugawidwa makamaka ku Australia, South America, Europe ndi Middle East.

Kuyambira mu 2024, makampani opanga ammonia wobiriwira ku China apita patsogolo mofulumira. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, kuyambira mu 2024, mapulojekiti opitilira 20 a ammonia wobiriwira a hydrogen akwezedwa. Envision Technology Group, China Energy Construction, State Power Investment Corporation, State Energy Group, ndi ena ayika ndalama zokwana pafupifupi 200 biliyoni yuan polimbikitsa mapulojekiti opanga ammonia wobiriwira, zomwe zitulutsa mphamvu zambiri zopangira ammonia wobiriwira mtsogolo.

Zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito ammonia wobiriwira

Monga mphamvu yoyera, ammonia wobiriwira umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana mtsogolo. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zachikhalidwe zaulimi ndi mafakitale, umaphatikizaponso kuphatikiza mphamvu zopangira, kutumiza mafuta, kukonza mpweya, kusungira haidrojeni ndi zina.

1. Makampani otumiza katundu

Utsi wa kaboni dioxide wochokera ku sitima zapamadzi umafika pa 3% mpaka 4% ya utsi wa kaboni dioxide padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2018, International Maritime Organisation idakhazikitsa njira yoyambira yochepetsera utsi wa mpweya wowononga chilengedwe, ponena kuti pofika chaka cha 2030, utsi wa kaboni dioxide wotumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi udzachepetsedwa ndi osachepera 40% poyerekeza ndi chaka cha 2008, ndikuyesetsa kuchepetsa ndi 70% pofika chaka cha 2050. Pofuna kuchepetsa kaboni ndi kuchotsa kaboni m'makampani otumiza katundu, mafuta oyera omwe amalowa m'malo mwa mphamvu zakale ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yaukadaulo.

Makampani otumiza katundu m'mafakitale ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ammonia wobiriwira ndi imodzi mwa mafuta akuluakulu ochotsera mpweya m'makampani otumiza katundu m'tsogolo.

Buku la Lloyd's Register of Shipping linaneneratu kuti pakati pa 2030 ndi 2050, kuchuluka kwa ammonia monga mafuta otumizira kudzawonjezeka kuchoka pa 7% kufika pa 20%, m'malo mwa gasi wachilengedwe wosungunuka ndi mafuta ena kuti akhale mafuta otumizira ofunikira kwambiri.

2. Makampani opanga magetsi

AmoniyaKuyaka sikupanga CO2, ndipo kuyaka kosakanikirana ndi ammonia kungagwiritse ntchito malo opangira magetsi omwe alipo kale pogwiritsa ntchito malasha popanda kusintha kwakukulu pa boiler. Ndi njira yothandiza yochepetsera mpweya wa carbon dioxide m'malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malasha.

Pa Julayi 15, National Development and Reform Commission ndi National Energy Administration adatulutsa "Ndondomeko Yogwirira Ntchito Yosintha Mpweya Wochepa ndi Kumanga Mphamvu ya Malasha (2024-2027)", yomwe idapereka lingaliro lakuti pambuyo pa kusintha ndi kumanga, magetsi a malasha ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yosakaniza ammonia wobiriwira woposa 10% ndikuwotcha malasha. Kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kusakaniza ammonia kapena ammonia woyera m'magetsi otentha ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yochepetsera mpweya wa kaboni m'munda wopanga magetsi.

Japan ndi kampani yayikulu yolimbikitsa kupanga mphamvu zoyaka zosakaniza ndi ammonia. Japan idapanga "2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap" mu 2021, ndipo idzamaliza kuwonetsa ndi kutsimikizira 20% ya mafuta osakaniza a ammonia m'malo opangira magetsi pofika chaka cha 2025; pamene ukadaulo wosakaniza wa ammonia ukukhwima, chiwerengerochi chidzawonjezeka kufika pa 50%; pofika chaka cha 2040, malo opangira magetsi a ammonia okha adzamangidwa.

3. Chonyamulira chosungira haidrojeni

Ammonia imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira cha haidrojeni, ndipo imafunika kudutsa mu njira zopangira ammonia, kusungunula, kunyamula, ndi kuchotsanso mpweya wa haidrojeni. Njira yonse yosinthira ammonia ndi haidrojeni imakhala yokhwima.

Pakadali pano, pali njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu zosungira ndi mayendedwe a haidrojeni: kusungira ndi mayendedwe a silinda yamphamvu kwambiri, mayendedwe a mpweya wopanikizika ndi mapaipi, kusungira ndi mayendedwe a haidrojeni yamadzimadzi otentha kwambiri, kusungira ndi mayendedwe amadzimadzi a organic, kusungira ndi mayendedwe a ammonia yamadzimadzi, ndi kusungira ndi mayendedwe a haidrojeni yolimba yachitsulo. Pakati pa izi, kusungira ndi mayendedwe a ammonia yamadzimadzi ndi kutulutsa haidrojeni kudzera mu kupanga ammonia, kusungunuka, mayendedwe, ndi kubwezeretsanso mpweya. Ammonia imasungunuka pa -33°C kapena 1MPa. Mtengo wa hydrogenation/dehydrogenation umaposa 85%. Siwosamala mtunda woyendera ndipo ndi woyenera kusungira ndi mayendedwe apakati ndi ataliatali a haidrojeni yambiri, makamaka mayendedwe a m'nyanja. Ndi imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zosungira ndi mayendedwe a haidrojeni mtsogolo.

4. Zipangizo zopangira mankhwala

Monga feteleza wobiriwira wa nayitrogeni komanso zinthu zazikulu zopangira mankhwala obiriwira, zobiriwiraamoniyaidzalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko chachangu cha unyolo wa mafakitale a "ammonia wobiriwira + feteleza wobiriwira" ndi "mankhwala obiriwira a ammonia".

Poyerekeza ndi ammonia yopangidwa kuchokera ku mphamvu zakale, akuyembekezeka kuti ammonia wobiriwira sadzatha kupanga mpikisano wabwino ngati mankhwala opangira zinthu zisanafike chaka cha 2035.